Instructions: You are required to use SPSS to enter, analyze and present these data, as specified below.

These are grouped data, which must be converted to individual values (raw data) for entry into SPSS, you can use "1" stands for male and "2" stands for female (e.g., females: 12,8,7,7,6,6,6,5,5,5,5,5,4,4,4,3,3,2,2,1). Statistics for both groups should appear in the same table, which must be labeled according to APA guidelines (capitalize the first letter of major words, and include variable measured and category, e.g.: Descriptive Statistics of Reported Number of Violations by Gender

1. Write a practical description (75 words) of each group (male and female) based on the measures calculated above.

• Construct a single table of descriptive statistics showing measures of central tendency, measures of variability and the value of skewness, for both males and females. Please see the SPSS path at the bottom.
• For each group, identify and explain which single measure of central tendency and dispersion are most appropriate to describe the distribution. Are there outliers for each group? What are they?

2. Generate a graph/chart for each group (male and female) to show the reported number of ticketed violations. These are discrete-numerical data.

Describe the shape of each distribution. Which distribution is more homogenous? What does the shape of the distribution suggest about each group? Also, explain how the shape of each distribution can guide in addressing the problem of committing traffic violations (write about 100 words).

This is intended to facilitate you to recognize and comprehend the shapes of the distributions with respect to unimodal (homogenous/alike) and bimodal (heterogeneous/different). The female distribution is approximately normal (unimodal/normal/homogenous) and the male (bimodal/heterogeneous) is a bimodal. In general, a bimodal distribution strongly suggests that we are grouping two characteristically different sub-groups, which may require very different approaches/interventions to modify their "risk-taking behavior" with respect to committing traffic violations.

3. Assuming that each sample (male and female) is representative of its respective population, additional statistic, the Standard Error of the Mean, is required in order to use the sample mean to generalize to the population (explain the logic - 50 words). Use SPSS (see below) to calculate this statistics for each group, and state the formula used. Explain why it is necessary to report the standard error.

SPSS path:

For question1: Analyze - Descriptive Statistics - Explore - then select variable, tickets as your dependent list and gender as your factor list. Then click on Statistics and select Descriptive, Outlier and Percentile, click on Plots and only select "factor levels together" under boxplots, then Press Continue and select OK.

For question2&3:  you need to split file first, then do: Analyze-Descriptive Statistics - Frequencies - then select variable, tickets as your variable  --> then click on Statistics and select S.E. Mean, click Charts and select Bar charts, press Continue and select OK.

To split the file: Data -- Split File --> In the resulting dialog box, select the option Organize output by groups --> Select the variable, 'gender' and transfer it to the box of 'Groups Based on'--> Click OK, then by default, SPSS will then sort the file by these groups. Then continue to following the SPSS path above ).