Contingency Tables

1. A researcher conducts a survey in Detroit on citizen attitudes toward police. She believes that the race will affect attitudes toward the police. The survey produces the following contingency table, test of significance, and measures of association. Apply of the five steps of hypothesis testing and interpret the results.

   Table 1. Attitudes toward the police by race
   Attitude toward police		Race Race		Total
   		0 Nonwhite	1 White
   0 Police do not do a good job		76	73	149
   		50.7%	24.7%	33.4%
   1 Police do a good job	di	74	223	297
   		49.3%	75.3%	66.6%
   Total	d1	150	296	446
   		100.0%	100.0%	100.0%

   Χ ² = 30.260 (from SPSS), df=1
   φ=0.260
   γ=0.517
2. The International City Managers Association conducts a study of bureaucratic quality across a random sample of 120 U.S. cities. Bureaucratic quality measures the degree to which agencies engage in strategic planning and generate organizational outcomes that closely match their organizational missions and goals. Quality is measured on a low, medium, and high scale. The Association’s researchers believe that bureaucratic quality will have a positive effect on economic development within the cities. Apply of the five steps of hypothesis testing and interpret the results.
   

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   Table 2. Economic Development by Bureaucratic Quality
   Economic development			Bureaucratic quality			Total
   			Low	Medium	High
   dimension0	Low	d	16	12	6	34
   			40.0%	24.0%	20.0%	28.3%
   	Medium	d	14	16	8	38
   			35.0%	32.0%	26.7%	31.7%
   	High	d1	10	22	16	48
   			25.0%	44.0%	53.3%	40.0%
   	Total		40	50	30	120
   			100.0%	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%

   Χ ² = 7.151 (from SPSS), df=4, p=0.128
   γ=0.316, p=0.008
3. The town council of Pig Mountain, Vermont, is concerned about the large number of delinquent tax bills among its residents. Borrowing a strategy from a nearby town, the Council works with the Pig Mountain Gazette to publish a weekly listing of tax delinquents. To test the effectiveness of the technique in its first six months, the Council randomly assigns 50 tax delinquents to the list published in the newspaper and 50 to the normal mailing of tax delinquency notices. Apply of the five steps of hypothesis testing and interpret the results.

   Table 3. The Impact of Public Shaming on Local Tax Payments in Pig Mountain , Connecticut
   Tax payments		Tax delinquency notice in newspaper		Total
   		Not publicly shamed	Publicly shamed
   Made no tax payment		44	11	55
   		88.0%	22.0%	55.0%
   Made some or all of tax payment		6	39	45
   		12.0%	78.0%	45.0%
   Total		50	50	100
   		100.0%	100.0%	100.0%

   Χ ² = 44.000 (from SPSS), df=1
   φ=0.663
   λ=.622
   γ=0.926
4. A researcher believes that the party identification of the president has an effect on the president’s decision to grant or not grant a disaster. He believes that Democratic presidents are more likely to grant a major disaster than are Republicans. The researcher uses the Disaster Decisions, 1953 to 2005 data set to test his hypothesis. Using Action Type (3-category) as the dependent variable and presidential party as the independent variable, test the researcher’s hypothesis using contingency table analysis.
5. A researcher believes that people’s demographic and socioeconomic backgrounds had a significant effect on their vote for president in 2008 (VCF0704a). She particularly believes that race (VCF0106), education (VCF0110), family income (VCF0114), religion (VCF0128), and marital status (VCF0147) all had a significant effect on voting for Barack Obama and John McCain. In particular, she believes that women, nonwhites, citizens with lower education, citizens with lower income, Catholic or Jewish voters, and single individuals were more likely to vote for Obama. Use the American National Election Study data set to test her hypotheses.

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