13. Make up two examples of studies (not in the book or from your lectures) that would be tested with a \(t\) test for independent means.

17. A psychologist theorized that people can hear better when they have just eaten a large meal. Six individuals were randomly assigned to eat either a large meal or a small meal. After eating the meal, their hearing was tested. The hearing ability scores (high numbers indicate greater ability) are given in the following table. Using the .05 level, do the results support the psychologist's theory? (a) Use the steps of hypothesis testing, (b) sketch the distributions involved, and (c) explain your answers to someone who has never had a course in statistics.

19. A study of the effects of color on easing anxiety compared anxiety test scores of participants who completed the test printed on either soft yellow paper or on harsh green paper. The scores for five participants who completed the test printed on the yellow paper were 17, 19, 28, 21, and 18 . The scores for four participants who completed the test on the green paper were 20, 26, 17, and 24 . Using the .05 level, one-tailed (predicting lower anxiety scores for the yellow paper), what should the researcher conclude? (a) Use the steps of hypothesis testing, (b) sketch the distributions involved, and (c) explain your answers to someone who is familiar with the \(t\) test for a single sample but not with the \(t\) test for independent means.

21) Figure the approximate power of a \(t\) test for independent means for each of the following planned studies:

23) What are the approximate numbers of participants needed for each of the following planned studies to have \(80 \%\) power, assuming equal numbers in the two groups and all using the .05 significance level? (Be sure to give the total number of participants needed, not just the number needed for each group.)

25) Jackson and colleagues (2001) gave a questionnaire about Internet usage to university students. Table 8-11 (their Table 1) shows their results comparing men and women. (a) Select one significant and one nonsignificant result and explain these two results to a person who understands the \(t\) test for a single sample but does not know anything about the \(t\) test for independent means. (b) ADVANCED TOPIC: Include a discussion of effect size and power (note that the sample sizes for the male and female groups are shown in the table footnote).

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