13. Each of the following tables of means shows the results of a study using a factorial design. Assuming that any differences are statistically significant, for each table (a) and.(b), make two bar graphs showing the results (in one graph grouping the bars according to one variable and in the other graph grouping the bars according to the other variable); (c) indicate which effects (main and interaction), if any, are found; and (d) describe the meaning of the pattern of means (that is, any main or interaction effects or the lack thereof) in words.

1. Measured variable: Right frontal neural activity in brain during memory task
   
2. Measured variable: Approval rating of the U.S. president
   
3. Measured variable: Satisfaction with education

15. Brockner and colleagues (2001) studied the effect of cultural values about the appropriateness of power differentials on how employees feel about having input to managers about important decisions. Their participants were business students in China (a culture in which power differentials are considered appropriate and normal), a "high power distance" culture, and in the United States, a "low power distance" culture. The students were asked to imagine that they were working in a company and had just been put under the direction of a new manager; they were then assigned to one of three conditions: (1) the new manager discouraged input from them (the low voice condition), (2) the new manager encouraged input from them (high voice), or (3) no information was given about questions about how committed they would feel to the organization. Here is how the researchers reported the results:

A two-factor ANOVA yielded reported the results:

\(F(2,245)=26.30, p<.001\). As expected, participants in effect of voice, ably in the low voice condition \((M=2.93)\) than in the high voice condition \((M=3.58)\). The mean rating in the control condition \((M=3.34)\) fell between these two extremes. Of greater importance, the interaction between culture and voice was also significant, \(F(2,245)=4.11, p<.02 \ldots\). As can be seen in Table \([10-18]\) the voice effect was more pronounced in the low power distance culture (the United States) than in the high power distance culture (the People's Republic of China).

Briefly describe the meaning of these results to a person who has never had a course in statistics. (Do not go into the computational details, just the basic logic of the pattern of means, the significant results, and issues of interpreting nonsignificant results.)

17. ADVANCED TOPIC: For each of the following data sets, carry out an analysis of variance, including making a table of cell and marginal means and making a bar graph of the cell means. Use the .05 significance level.

19. ADVANCED TOPIC: In a particular high school, three types of videotaped teaching programs were each tried for English, history, and math. The researchers then measured amount learned. There were two students per cell. Based on the following results, (a) make a table of cell and marginal means, (b) draw a bar graph of them, (c) carry out the five steps of hypothesis testing (use the . O5 significance level), and (d) explain the results and the way you arrived at them to someone who is familiar with the one-way analysis of variance (including the structural model approach), but not with the factorial analysis of variance.

21. ADVANCED TOPIC: What is the power of the effect in the following planned studies using the analysis of variance with \(p<.05\) ?

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