Question: Hollar and Moore (2004) used data from the National Education Longitudinal Study 1988-2000 (NELS: 88) to investigate if adolescents with disabilities who use drugs (cigarettes, marijuana, alcohol, cocaine) have worse educational and social outcomes than adolescents with disabilities who do not use drugs. Students were defined as having a disability during 8 ^th grade if their parents identified them as having at least one disability (physical, emotional, health, or learning) and if they had ever been enrolled in a special education program. The analysis used data on 1021 students with a disability in 8 ^th grade who had data for all five waves of the survey (i.e., who entered the study in 1988 and did not drop out). Drug use was determined from the 1992 survey (12 ^th grade) and outcome variables were derived from the 1992, 1994 and 2000 surveys. Here we consider the results for daily cigarette use which are summarized in Table 1 (see next page).

Reference

Hollar, D. and Moore, D. (2004). Relationship of substance use by students with disabilities to long-term educational, employment and social outcomes. Substance Use and Misuse 39, 931-962.

Provide approximate 95% confidence intervals for the proportions of daily cigarette users who

1. ever dropped out
2. graduated in 1992
3. were ever arrested

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