Applied Statistics

Final Exam

1. Participants in this study were 25 psychology majors. The researchers were interested
   in whether training in SPSS would cause a change in their understanding of statistical concepts. The students were tested before training was introduced and again immediately after two-weeks of intensive training. The scores below are statistical concept test scores. Use SPSS to analyze the data.
   Participant Before After
   1 83 95
   2 83 94
   3 86 91
   4 82 91
   5 86 100
   6 79 76
   7 76 76
   8 94 100
   9 73 94
   10 80 75
   11 81 77
   12 42 45
   13 77 90
   14 53 52
   15 29 33
   16 86 91
   17 87 98
   18 97 88
   19 81 79
   20 48 40
   21 62 62
   22 70 72
   23 25 28
   24 99 100
   25 66 72
2. Twenty years ago, researchers conducted a fascinating study on how students perform
   on a reading comprehension test when they are not allowed to read the material they were being tested on. Their idea was that intelligent, test-wise students would be able to utilize their test-taking skills, such as eliminating unlikely alternatives, to do better on a comprehension test than less skilled students. As a measure of test-taking skills, participants were given the Psychitout Test a week before they were given the "comprehension" test.
   The data from 24 participants are presented below. The column headed "No-Read Score" refers to the score on a reading comprehension test when a person is not allowed to read the material. The test-taking skill score ("Psychitout Score") is in the other column. Analyze the relationship between the two variables in order to determine if the Psychitout Test is a good predictor of reading comprehension scores. Use SPSS to analyze the data.
   No-Read No-Read
   Score Psychitout Score Score Psychitout Score
   48 13 41 12
   34 10 43 15
   38 6 53 16
   41 11 60 19
   55 20 44 10
   43 16 49 14
   47 16 33 8
   47 15 40 13
   46 10 53 17
   39 9 47 11
   50 18 53 15
   46 12 53 19
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3. The following are fictional data of a study concerned with the recall of words as a

function of level of processing (LOP). LOP theory states that memory depends on the "quality" of processing that you apply to the material as you are studying it. Lower LOP, such as repeating the word to yourself without thinking about it, would not lead to as accurate recall as higher LOP, such as trying to form an association between that word and some other word. Also, LOP theory states that incidental learning (not knowing you will be given a later memory test) is just as effective as intentional learning, provided that LOP is high. To investigate how LOP affects memory, the researcher randomly assigned 50 participants to one of five groups – four incidental learning groups and one intentional learning group. The four incidental learning groups in order of presumed level of processing (lowest to highest) were:

1. Counting – instructed to count the number of letters in each word
2. Rhyming - instructed to read each word and think of a word that rhymed with it
3. Adjective - instructed to come up with an adjective that could reasonably be used to modify each word
4. Imagery - instructed to form vivid images of each word

The Intentional group was told to try to memorize the list for later recall. In addition to determining if there was an overall effect of instructions on recall, the researchers were particularly interested in testing two hypotheses: (1) that the Intentional group would have better recall than the incidental groups, and that (2) the Counting and Rhyming subjects would have poorer memory than Adjective and Imagery subjects because the latter groups had to focus on the deep meaning of the words.

After all participants went through a list of 30 words, they were asked to write down all the words they could remember. The number of words correctly recalled is shown below. Use SPSS to analyze the data.

Counting Rhyming Adjective Imagery Intentional

9 17 11 12 20

8 19 13 21 19

6 16 8 26 14

8 16 6 11 15

10 16 14 9 20

18 11 11 23 11

6 6 13 22 14

5 13 13 10 15

7 8 10 19 21

2 17 11 21 11

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4. A researcher was interested in understanding different approach strategies that could

be used by males to interest female strangers in going out for a date. They considered three different approaches: (1) casual conversation (engaging in casual conversation with the target female, saying whatever comes naturally); (2) humor (using humor to break the ice and generate interest on the part of the target); and (3) the "pick-up" line (using a clever pick-up line, like "do you come here often?" to express interest). The researchers also believed that the attractiveness of the approacher would affect the outcome of the encounter. They conducted a study in which two male graduate student assistants, who were independently rated as either clearly attractive or clearly unattractive , each approached a total of 21 female targets, and used one of the three approaches on each female. They measured the amount of time in minutes that they were able to engage each subject in conversation. Use SPSS to analyze the data.

Attractive- Attractive- Attractive- Unattractive- Unattractive- Unattractive-

Casual Humor Pick-up Casual Humor Pick-up

43 41 1 15 60 2

35 15 2 22 42 3

52 10 13 10 53 1

48 39 12 27 40 10

30 13 0 20 39 5

60 25 4 15 41 0

52 44 35 36 33 12

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5. An industrial psychologist was trying to determine which supervisor, John or Mary,

was better at assessing employee managerial ability. The psychologist brought the 15 employees who were to be evaluated into the HR office to take an extensive battery of five well-established and highly valid managerial ability tests. Each test in the battery had a possible score of 10, and the score for the entire set of tests was the sum of the component tests. Thus the highest possible score was 50. Independently, John and Mary each ranked the 15 employees (with 1 = best candidate; 15 = worst candidate) for a promotion to a managerial position. Based on the results of this study, who should the psychologist name as the better judge of managerial ability?

6. This study deals with a social psychological phenomenon known as "stereotype

threat". This refers to the idea that members of stereotyped groups often feel extra pressure in situations where their behavior can confirm the negative reputation that their group lacks a valued ability. The researchers hypothesized that performance levels under such threat would be lower than they would have been if there were no threat.

In this study, 23 white female college students known to excel in math were selected to be participants. Twelve of them were told that female Asian students typically outperformed other students in math tests, and that the purpose of the study was to understand why this difference exists. The other 11 students were simply asked to complete a difficult math exam. The data below are the number correct on the math test. Use SPSS to analyze the data.

Students Informed About Asians : 7, 8, 7, 2, 6, 9, 7, 10, 5, 5, 10, 8

Students Not Informed About Asians : 4, 9, 12, 8, 9, 13, 12, 5, 13, 7, 6

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