Question: Data was gathered for 200 elementary students that recorded whether the student is a male or a female and whether the student was assigned to a ‘special needs’ priority based on independent observations of the student’s classroom behaviors. SPSS was used to analyze the data. A hypothesis test to determine whether males and females are equally likely to be assigned a special needs priority rating was tested. The output appears below:

a) (1 point) State the null and alternative hypotheses.

b) (1 point) Comment on the reasonableness of the assumptions required for the statistical test.

c) (4 points) Write a short substantive interpretation of the results of the test.

d) (1 point) Interpret what Cramer’s Phi indicates for this particular analysis.

e) (2 points) Calculate and interpret the odds ratio for this table.