Question: Malformation study. This study was designed to study the relation between maternal drinking and congenital malformations. After the first three months of pregnancy, the women in the sample completed a survey about alcohol consumption. Following childbirth, observations were recorded on the presence or absence of congenital sex organ malformations. The following table shows the summary of the data. Please create necessary Excel data sheet(s) and a SPSS data file(s) based on the table. Then please answer the following questions based on the analysis you choose.

Data Table

? Does alcohol consumption increase the risk of Malformation? (Hint: make a 2×2 contingency table, calculate the odds ratio and 95% CI)

? What is the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of malformation? Show a diagram to illustrate the relationship.