Question: The purpose of a study by Nozawa et al. was to determine the effectiveness of segmental wire fixation in athletes with spondylolysis. Between 1993 and 2000, 20 athletes (6 women and 14 men) with lumbar spondylolysis were treated surgically with the technique. The following table gives the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) evaluation score for lower back pain syndrome for men and women prior to the surgery. The lower score indicates less pain.

Gender JOA scores

Female 14, 13, 24, 21, 20, 21

Male 21, 26, 24, 24, 22, 23, 18, 24, 13, 22, 25, 23, 21, 25

Source: Satoshi Nozawa, Katsuji Shimizu, Kei Miyamoto, and Mizuo Tanaka, "Repair of Pars Interarticularis Defect by Segmental Wire Fixation in Young Athletes with Spondylolysis," American Journal of Sports Medicine, 31 (2003), 359–364.

Assuming the two populations of pain scores are normally distributed, and the two population variances are equal, construct a 99 percent confidence intervals for the difference between population means.

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