Questions:

1. A study was conducted in the US to examine the effect of temperature on pupation success of the invasive Emerald Ash Borer, a beetle native to Eurasia that kills ash trees in the US. So researchers exposed five young ash trees each to a single egg-laying beetle at each of three randomly chosen agricultural research stations where mean annual temperature regimes were either: 10 ^o C, 12 ^o C, or 15 ^o C (total of nine research stations, three per temperature regime). They then determined the percentage of each egg clutch laid per tree that successfully pupated into an adult beetle. Does pupation success differ with mean annual temperature?
2. A clinical study was conducted to examine whether there was any association between age at first pregnancy in women and the incidence of cervical cancer and breast cancer. Therefore, 569 women with children were surveyed (20 with breast cancer, 61 with cervical cancer, and 488 with neither cancer) to determine their approximate age at first pregnancy. Is there any evidence that the incidence of cancer in these women is related to the age when they first became pregnant?
3. A study was conducted to determine if a relationship existed between the age of red mangrove trees and the tendancy for their branches to break in a wind storm. Therefore, the shear strength (pounds per square inch; psi) of a branch taken from 20 mangrove trees of varying age was measured. Does a relationship exist between mangrove tree age and branch shear strength? If so, how good is the relationship and what is the mathematical relationship? What is the predicted shear strength of a branch from a tree that is 5yrs old, 15 yrs old, and 30yrs old?
4. A study was conducted to examine the evolution of disease transmission among predators and prey, so researchers tested whether two types of predators (a wading bird = egret versus a fish predator = pike) detect and avoid consuming fish prey (minnows) that are infected with either parasitic trematodes (which infect egrets as their primary host whereas fish are an intermediate host) versus fungi (which do not infect egrets but do infect the predatory pike). Therefore, the researchers permitted each egret and pike tested in the study to forage in wading pools stocked with minnows that were uninfected, lightly infected, or severely infected with either fungi or trematodes. The researchers then recorded which type of prey that each predator first consumed. Does parasite type, predator type, or infection level significantly influence the type of prey consumed?
   Does parasite type, predator type, or infection level significantly influence the type of prey consumed?
5. A study was conducted to examine the effect of surgical procedure and patient age on the % of hip replacements that had to be reconstructed within 10 yrs of the original surgery. Eight hospitals were selected for the study; four hospitals continued to use the standard hip replacement method (control) and four hospitals were selected to use a new, minimally invasive procedure. Within each hospital, patients of three ages categories were studied: 40-50 yr old, 50-60 yr old, and >60 yr old. Over the next ten years, the researchers monitored the percentage of people within each hospital, surgical procedure, and age class that required a new hip replacement. Does the type of hip replacement procedure, patient age, or the combination of the two significantly effect the likelihood of a subsequent hip replacement within 10 years?

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