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1. Table. Varicella and Vaccination

   	Varicella
   Vaccinated	Yes	No	Total
   Yes	15	100	115
   No	18	9	27
   Total	33	109	142

   Calculate the cumulative incidence rates for the exposed, unexposed, and total populations.
   Calculate and interpret the Rate Ratio, Etiologic Fraction, and Population Etiologic Fraction.
2. Table 1.  Race and 5-Year Survival Among Prostate Cancer Patients

   	5-Year Survival
   Race	Yes	No	Total
   White	2,337	3,669	6,006
   Black	344	782	1,126

   Calculate and interpret the Relative Risk.
   Now consider the same data stratified by 5-year age groups.
   Table 2.  Race and 5-Year Survival Among Prostate Cancer Patients, Aged 70-74 and 75-79

   	5-Year Survival
   	Yes	No	Total
   Ages 70-74
   White	1,478	1,836	3,314
   Black	236	420	656
   Ages 75-79
   White	856	1,836	2,692
   Black	107	363	470

   Calculate and interpret the stratified Risk Ratios.  Is the relationship confounded by age?  Explain.
3. Consider the following data on the relationship between seat belt use and emergency room visits.

Does gender confound the relationship between seat belt use and emergency room visits?  Calculate and interpret ALL the relevant measures of association to support your conclusion.

Question to answer - Indicate how these biases and random errors could have been avoided in this study (i.e., how would you redesign the study to avoid them?).

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