Results The analysis and answer to the six research questions is presented in this section. For all the

Results

The analysis and answer to the six research questions is presented in this section. For all the corresponding research hypotheses, a reliability analysis is conducted for the scale variables used as dependent variables.

Research Hypothesis #1

The following needs to be tested:

No significant difference should be found in overall learning effectiveness between technology-based versus technology-enhanced versus traditional face-to-face courses.

For this research question, the dependent variable (DV) is Learning Effectiveness (from the Learning Objective Instrument). Table 1 below shows the results of a reliability analysis conducted to assess the validity the DV.

Table 1: Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha	N of Items
.945	67

The constructed dependent variable Learning Effectiveness is validly constructed, since the value of Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.945, which exceeds the commonly agreed threshold of 0.7. Once it has been assessed the DV is validly constructed, an ANOVA needs to be conducted.

Table 2: Descriptive Statistics of Learning Effectiveness by Modality
Learning Outcome (Total Learning Effectiveness)
	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error	95% Confidence Interval for Mean		Minimum	Maximum
	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error	Lower Bound	Upper Bound		Maximum
Online	80	53.0625	10.98370	1.22801	50.6182	55.5068	22.00	66.00
Blended	36	55.2500	8.46969	1.41162	52.3843	58.1157	32.00	66.00
F2F	115	48.4870	14.44674	1.34717	45.8182	51.1557	17.00	67.00
Total	231	51.1255	12.77691	.84066	49.4692	52.7819	17.00	67.00

Table 3: Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Learning Outcome (Total Learning Effectiveness)
Levene Statistic	df1	df2	Sig.
24.064	2	228	.000

Table 4: ANOVA Table
Learning Outcome (Total Learning Effectiveness)
	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Between Groups	1713.191	2	856.596	5.450	.005
Within Groups	35834.168	228	157.167
Total	37547.359	230