1. A researcher wants to analyze the attitudes of Americans towards gun control. He conducts a survey and asks the following questions:

1. "Many innocent people are shot every day. Do you agree or disagree with President Obama’s proposal for gun control?"

1. Agree
2. Disagree

2) "Do you approve or disapprove of President Obama’s proposals for gun control and of his climate change proposal?

1. Agree
2. Disagree

What is problematic about each question? How would you improve each?

Question 2) is worded in a confusing way. It asks to the respondent whether she approves or disapprove, but then the alternatives are "Agree" or "Disagree". Also, there are two questions that may have a different answer (proposals for gun control and proposal for climate change). So then I would make two different questions, one for gun control and another one for climate change, and I would change the options to "Approve" and "Disapprove" instead of "Agree" or "Disagree".

II) Male and female Americans were asked by pollsters whether they agreed with President Obama’s gun control proposal. In one of many such studies, a researcher questioned 150 respondents – 75 male and 75 female – about their opinion on gun control. He determined that 51 women but only 25 men agreed with President Obama’s proposal. Calculate the appropriate statistical test by hand to examine whether men and women differ significantly (at the 95% level) with regard to their agreement with President Obama’s proposal. Show the tables you set up (expected and observed values) and the calculations needed (to derive at χ2). Look up the critical value you need for determining statistical significance at the 95% confidence level (this equals an α-level of 0.05) in the χ2-table and state the critical value. Conclude your findings by completing the following statement, "I am 95% confident that …".

III) To investigate the relationship between spelling and reading ability, a researcher gave spelling and reading examinations to a group of 20 students who had been selected at random from a large population of undergraduates. The following results were obtained (higher scores indicate greater ability).

Which statistical procedure would you apply to determine the degree of association between spelling and reading ability? You do not have to determine the degree of association, just state which one would be appropriate.

IV) For the next exercise, use the exercise data set from class. i) determine the level of measurement of each variable, ii) determine the adequate statistical measure of association for each pair of variables, iii) have SPSS calculate this measure, and iv) indicate whether the association is statistically significant at the 95% level of significance. v) Interpret each result substantively.

1. Party ID and ethnicity group
2. Gender and Liberal/Conservative self-placement
3. Equalitarianism: "Society should make sure everyone has equal opportunity" and "We have gone too far pushing equal rights".

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