3.16: What is the probability that all three of these individuals have Alzheimer’s Disease?

3.18: What is the probability that at least one of the three will have Alzheimer’s Disease?

3.20: Suppose we know one of the three people has Alzheimer’s, but we don’t know which one. What is the conditional probability that the affected person is a woman?

3.75 Does there seem to be any difference in the effect of the antibiotics on clearing the otitis media? Express your results in term of relative risk (RR).

3.83 What is the sensitivity of the test?

4.25) Infectious Disease

One hypothesis is that gonorrhea tends to cluster in central cities.

4.25 Suppose 10 gonorrhea cases are reported over a 3 -month period among 10,000 people living in an urban county. The statewide incidence of gonorrhea is 50 per 100,000 over a 3 -month period. Is the number of gonorrhea cases in this county unusual for this time period?

4.34) Hypertension

A national study found that treating people appropriately for high blood pressure reduced their overall mortality by \(20 \%\). Treating people adequately for hypertension has been difficult because it is estimated that \(50 \%\) of hypertensives do not know they have high blood pressure, \(50 \%\) of those who do know are inadequately treated by their physicians, and \(50 \%\) who are appropriately treated fail to follow this treatment by taking the right number of pills.

4.34 What is the probability that among 10 true hypertensives at least \(50 \%\) are being treated appropriately and are complying with this treatment?

4.46) Cancer, Epidemiology

An experiment is designed to test the potency of a drug on 20 rats. Previous animal studies have shown that a 10-mg dose of the drug is lethal \(5 \%\) of the time within the first 4 hours; of the animals alive at 4 hours, \(10 \%\) will die in the next 4 hours.

What is the probability that 3 or more rats will die in the first 4 hours?

4.48) What is the probability that 0 rats will die in the 8 -hour period?

4.50) What is the probability that 2 rats will die in the 8 -hour period?

5.10) Pulmonary Disease

Many investigators have studied the relationship between asbestos exposure and death from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

5.10 Suppose that among workers exposed to asbestos in a shipyard in 1980,33 died over a 10 -year period from COPD, whereas only 24 such deaths would be expected based on statewide mortality rates. Is the number of deaths from COPD in this group excessive?

5.11) Twelve cases of leukemia are reported in people living in a particular census tract over a 5 -year period. Is this number of cases abnormal if only 6.7 cases would be expected based on national cancer-incidence rates?

5.31) Blood Chemistry

In pharmacologic research a variety of clinical chemistry measurements are routinely monitored closely for evidence of side effects of the medication under study. Suppose typical blood-glucose levels are normally distributed, with mean \(=90 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL}\) and standard deviation \(=38 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL}\).

If the normal range is \(65-120 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{dL}\), then what percentage of values will fall in the normal range?

5.34) Frequently, tests that yield abnormal results are repeated for confirmation. What is the probability that for a normal person a test will be at least 1.5 times as high as the upper limit of normal on two separate occasions?

5.53) One approach for defining elevated blood pressure is to use \(90 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}\) -the standard for elevated adult DBP-as the cutoff. What percentage of 17 -year-old boys would be found to have elevated blood pressure, using this approach?

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