Problem 1 : Parametric tests (such as \(t\) or ANOVA) differ from nonparametric tests (such as chi-square) primarily in terms of the assumptions they require and the data they use. Explain these differences.

Problem 3 : A researcher is investigating the physical characteristics that influence whether a person's face is judged as beautiful. The researcher selects a photograph of a woman and then creates two modifications of the photo by (1) moving the eyes slightly farther apart and (2) moving the eyes slightly closer together. The original photograph and the two modifications are then shown to a sample of \(n=150\) college students, and each student is asked to select the "most beautiful" of the three faces. The distribution of responses was as follows:

Do the data indicate any significant preferences among the three versions of the photograph? Test at the .05 level of significance.

Problem 5 : To investigate the phenomenon of "home team advantage," a researcher recorded the outcomes from 64 college football games on one Saturday in October. Of the 64 games, 42 were won by home teams. Does this result provide enough evidence to conclude that home teams win significantly more than would be expected by chance? Assume that winning and losing are equally likely events if there is no home team advantage. Use \(\alpha=.05\).

Problem 20 : Apparently there is a huge amount of misunderstanding concerning how the process of visual perception works. Specifically, many people believe (incorrectly) that at least part of looking at things involves energy going out of the eyes rather than energy coming into the eyes. This misunderstanding seems to be more common among children than among adults, but a surprisingly large number of college students still do not understand the process of seeing. Winer and Cottrell (1996) asked first-graders and college students to decide what happens when we look at something: does energy go out of our eyes, come into our eyes, or go both directions? The following frequency data are similar to those obtained by Winer and Cottrell. Do the data indicate a significant difference in the distribution of answers for the college students and for the children? Test at the .05 level of significance.

Problem 21 : Although the phenomenon is not well understood, it appears that people born during the winter months are slightly more likely to develop schizophrenia than people born at other times (Bradbury \& Miller, 1985). The following hypothetical data represent a sample of 50 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and a sample of 100 people with no psychotic diagnosis. Each individual is also classified according to season in which he or she was born. Do the data indicate a significant relationship between schizophrenia and the season of birth? Test at the .05 level of significance.

Problem 22 : In a study similar to one conducted by Fallon and Rozin (1985), a psychologist prepared a set of silhouettes showing different female body shapes ranging from somewhat thin to somewhat heavy and asked a group of women to indicate which body figure they thought men would consider the most attractive. Then a group of men were shown the same set of profiles and asked which image they considered most attractive. The following hypothetical data show the number of individuals who selected each of the four body image profiles. Do the data indicate a significant difference between the actual preferences for the men and the preferences predicted by the women? Test at the .05 level of significance.

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