Construct a factorial design to study the effect of different tutoring combinations on a group of foreign student’s verbal skills. The dependent measure is the score on a test that ranges from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate better verbal skills. The independent variables are the following:

1. Type of tutoring: one-on-one, group, and on-line.
2. Frequency: 4 hours/week, 8 hours/week, and 12 hours/week.

Prior to conducting the study, a pretest was given to the study participants and the average score was 76.   Figure 1 (below) shows the average scores for the different tutoring groups after tutoring was conducted.

Figure 1

1. Comment on main and interaction effects.  Explain how you came to that conclusion.
2. After looking at these results, some researchers indicated that the improvement in scores could be attributed to a maturation effect among the study participants.  What could you do to evaluate the potential for a maturation effect?  How would you change the design to address this concern?
3. Another researcher indicated that there was the possibility of a testing effect on the study participants.  How could you address this concern through the design?

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