Question: Foos and Clark (1982) studied the influence of expectations on test performance. They found that the kind of test that a student expected to take would affect the way in which they studied the material. Below are scores from an experiment designed to replicate Foos and Clark's research. A total of 20 undergraduate students were given a 3000-word passage to read and were told that they would be tested over the material. They were then assigned to one of four treatment groups. In the first group, the students were told to expect a multiple-choice test, in the second group, they were told to expect an essay; in the third group, they were told to expect a memory test; and in the fourth group they were not told what to expect. After studying the passage, all students were give exactly the same test, which had a combination of multiple-choice and short-answer items. Given below are scores from their test. Is there any evidence that expectation influences performance?