Question: Recent studies have shown that earlier reports underestimated the health risks associated with being overweight. The error was due to overlooking lurking variables. In particular, smoking tends both to reduce weight and to lead to earlier death. Illustrate Simpson’s paradox by a simplified version of this situation. That is, make up tables of overweight (yes or no) by early death (yes or no) by smoker (yes or no) such that: 1) Overweight smokers and overweight nonsmokers both tend to die earlier than those not overweight, 2)but when smokers and nonsmokers are combined into a two-way table of overweight by early death, persons who are not overweight tend to die earlier.

(Simpson’s paradox: A comparison between two variables that holds for each individual value of a third variable can be changed or reversed when the data for all values of the third variable are combined.) (It is suggested that SPSS be used for this problem).