Question: Determining hypotheses. State the appropriate null hypothesis \(H_{0}\) and alternative hypothesis \(H_{a}\) in each of the following cases.

1. A 2008 study reported that \(88 \%\) of students owned a cell phone. You plan to take an SRS of students to see if the percentage has increased.
2. The examinations in a large freshman chemistry class are scaled after grading so that the mean score is 75 . The professor thinks that students who attend early morning recitation sections will have a higher mean score than the class as a whole. Her students this semester can be considered a sample from the population of all students she might teach, so she compares their mean score with 75 .
3. The student newspaper at your college recently changed the format of their opinion page. You take a random sample of students and select those who regularly read the newspaper. They are asked to indicate their opinions on the changes using a five-point scale: \(-2\) if the new format is much worse than the old, \(-1\) if the new format is somewhat worse than the old, 0 if the new format is the same as the old, \(+1\) if the new format is somewhat better than the old, and \(+2\) if the new format is much better than the old.

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