16.9 Given the aggression scores below for Outcome A of the sleep deprivation experiment, verify that, as suggested earlier, these mean differences shouldn't be taken seriously by testing the null hypothesis at the .05 level of significance. Use the computation formulas for the various sums of squares and summarize results with an ANOVA table.

16.14 The F test describes the ratio of two sources of variability: that for subjects treated differently and that for subjects treated similarly. Is there any sense in which the t test for two independent groups can be viewed likewise?

Recall the experiment described in Review Question $16.11$ on page 314 , where errors on a driving simulator were obtained for subjects whose orange juice had been laced with controlled amounts of vodka. Now assume that repeated measures are taken across all five conditions for each of five subjects. (Assume that no lingering effects occur because sufficient time elapses between successive tests, and no order bias appears because the orders of the five conditions are equalized across the five subjects.)

1. Summarize the results in an ANOVA table. If you did Review Question 16.11 and saved your results, you can use the known values for SS between , SS within , and SS total to short-circuit computations.
2. If appropriate, estimate the effect sizes and use Tukey’s HSD test.

17.8 While analyzing data, an investigator treats each score as if it were contributed by a different subject even though, in fact, scores were repeated measures. What effect, if any, would this mistake probably have on the F test if the null hypothesis were

1. true?
2. false?

18.11 In what sense does a two-factor ANOVA use observations more efficiently than a one-factor ANOVA does?

18.12 A psychologist employs a two-factor experiment to study the combined effect of sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption on the performance of automobile drivers. Before the driving test, the subjects go without sleep for various time periods and then drink a glass of orange juice laced with controlled amounts of vodka. Their performance is measured by the number of errors made on a driving simulator. Two subjects are randomly assigned to each cell, that is, each possible combination of sleep deprivation (either 0, 24, 48, or 72 hours) and alcohol consumption (either 0, 1, 2, or 3 ounces), yielding the following results:

1. Summarize the results with an ANOVA table.
2. If appropriate, conduct additional \(F \) tests, estimate effect sizes, and use Tukey's HSD test.

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