Brief Description of Study.

Researchers were interested in evaluating how Red Bull affects adolescents. They conducted a study in which teenagers' blood pressure was monitored 5 minutes before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after drinking a Red Bull. For the experiment, teens were fitted with an automated blood pressure gauge that took readings of their diastolic blood pressure while they remain seated. Teens sat alone in a room throughout the experiment watching reruns of the TV show of their choice: Big Bang Theory, 24, or Seinfeld.

For each subject, 3 measures of blood pressure were obtained at 3 different times: (a) 5 minutes before drinking Red Bull, (b) immediately after Red Bull, and (c) 30 minutes after Red Bull. The teen's TV show choice also was recorded.

The researchers hypothesized that drinking Red Bull would increase the teens' blood pressure via the large doses of sucrose, glucose, and especially caffeine. Moreover, they predicted that compared to a baseline reading taken 5 minutes before drinking the Red Bull, blood pressure would not be different immediately after drinking it but would be significantly higher 30 minutes after drinking Red Bull.

The researchers thought that giving the teens a choice about the TV show they watched was just a nice gesture and gave them something to do while waiting for the last blood pressure reading. However, a helpful research assistant suggested that the different shows might affect the teens' blood pressure, too; in fact, that teens who watched 24 , which can be a very suspenseful and intense show, might have higher blood pressures after watching the show for a half hour than teens who watched a comedy. Therefore, the researchers also decided to examine the effects of the kind of TV show on blood pressure for teens. However, they did not anticipate that the TV show teens chose to watch would have any effect on their experiment.

If you experience any difficulty obtaining the data set, contact me right away. Each row of the data file contains five numbers. The first number is a subject identification number. The second number is the subject's chosen TV show where 1=Big Bang Theory (a current half-hour comedy), $2=24$ (an hour-long action thriller show), and 3 = Seinfeld (an older half-hour comedy currently in reruns). The third through fifth numbers are the subject's diastolic blood pressure coded as millimeters of mercury ( \(\mathrm{mmHg})\). The third number is the subject's blood pressure prior to drinking Red Bull. The fourth number is the subject's blood pressure right after drinking Red Bull. The fifth number is the subject's blood pressure 30 minutes after drinking Red Bull. Higher values mean higher blood pressure, which is less desirable than lower blood pressure; in fact, 60-80 is considered a normal range, and 90 or higher is considered to be a condition of prehypertension or hypertension. Use the description of the study, the data file, and SPSS to answer the following questions.

Questions

1. As an expert and highly trained statistician, how would you talk about and conceptualize this study?

1. Name and describe the independent variable(s) in the study. (1 point)
2. Name and describe the dependent variable(s) in the study. (1 point)
3. Name the analysis you would use to address the research questions. (1 points)

2. A first step in analysis is to examine the data. Use SPSS to describe the distribution of diastolic blood pressure for each measurement time (i.e., before Red Bull, immediately after Red Bull, 30 minutes after Red Bull.

1. In an appropriately formatted APA table of descriptive statistics, report the means and standard deviations of diastolic blood pressure for each measurement time. Be sure to specify the sample size upon which the means are based. (4 points)
2. Use SPSS to provide a table showing the intercorrelations of the diastolic blood pressures across the four measurement times. Which measurement time times are significantly correlated? (1 point)
3. Note the subject identification numbers of any severe outliers in the data for each measurement time. Considering all of the information available about shape of distribution, variance, pattern of outliers, and intercorrelations, are the assumptions of analysis of variance met well enough for analysis of variance to be interpretable for this study? ( 2 points)

3. The researchers predict that blood pressure will be higher after teens have had a chance to digest the Red Bull than immediately after drinking the Red Bull. Thus, their focused research question specified a priori is: Do teens have higher blood pressures 30 minutes after drinking Red Bull than prior to or immediately after drinking it?

1. Specify an a priori planned comparison (labeled Comparison 1 ) for the 3 population measurement time means that corresponds to the researchers' question. (2 points)

4. An important assumption of within-subjects analysis of variance is sphericity.

1. Is the assumption of sphericity tenable in for this study? (2 points)
2. What, if any, correction for \(p\) values would be appropriate for hypothesis testing in this study? (2 points)

5. Use SPSS to conduct an appropriate analysis evaluating three specific research questions: (a) Does the specific TV show affect diastolic blood pressure for teens watching TV? (b) Does drinking Red Bull affect diastolic blood pressure for teens watching TV? And (c) Does the effect Red Bull on diastolic blood pressure depend on the specific TV show for teens watching TV?

1. Write a brief paragraph in APA style describing your study and naming your analysis. (4 points)
2. Construct the AOV summary table for this analysis using APA style. (4 points)

6. The researchers are primarily interested in whether there are differences in diastolic blood pressure from drinking Red Bull. Before looking at overall effects of Red Bull, however, they decided it was important to evaluate whether the effects of Red Bull are the same for all types of TV show (that is, Does the effect of Red Bull on diastolic blood pressure depend on the TV show the teen is watching?).

1. Formulate an appropriate null hypothesis and conduct the corresponding hypothesis test. ( 2 points)
2. Is it reasonable to examine main effects of Red Bull? (1 point)

7. Given your findings from question 6 , is it reasonable for the researchers to test their planned comparison specified in Question 3? (1 point)

ANSWER EITHER (7a) or (7b) NOT BOTH

1. If your answer to Question 6 is "Yes," Conduct a hypothesis test of the null hypothesis that Comparison 1 is 0 . Report and interpret your results as you would in an APA formatted manuscript. (2 points)
2. If your answer to Question 6 is "No," Explain why not. (2 points)

8. Given your findings from question 6 , is it reasonable for the researchers to examine main effects of Red Bull and type of TV show? Explain why or why not. (1 point)

9. Conduct any and all pair-wise comparisons that seem appropriate given the pattern of significance you obtained. Report the results in APA format text with an appropriate interpretation. (4 points)

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