Assignment 1:

8.2bc: IQ scores are designed to have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. IQ testing is one way in which individuals are categorized as having different levesl of mental disabilities; there are four levels of mental retardation between the IQ scores of 0 and 70.

b) People with IQ scores of 50-70 are in the topmost category of IQ scores that qualify as impairment. They are said to have mild mental retardation. They can attain as high as a sixth-grade education and are often self-sufficient. What percentage of people falls in this range?
c) An individual has an IQ score of 66. What is her percentile?

8.16acd:

Among those who specialize in public health, patient compliance is an important research topic. If patients don't adhere to a treatment, it may not work as well - or at all. A recent research report began, "There is probably no other area of health care that requires a cooperation to the extent that orthodontics does," and explored factors that affected the number of hours per day that patients wore their orthodontic appliances. The patients in the study reported that they used their appliances, on average, 14.78 hours per day, with a standard deviation of 5.31. We'll treat this group as the population for the purposes of this example. Let's say that a research wanted to study whether a DVD with information about orthodontics led to an increase in the amount of time patients wear their appliances but decided to use a two-tailed test to be conservative. Let's say he studied the next 15 patients at his clinic, asked them to watch the DVD, and then found that htye wore their appliances, on average, 17 hours per day.

a) What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?
b) Did the researcher use random selection to choose his sample? Explain your answer.
c) Conduct all six steps of hypothesis testing. Be sure to label all six steps.

9.8ab (DO A and B in SPSS)

Bardwell, Ensign, and Mills assessed the moods of 60 male US Marines following a month-long training exercise conducted at cold temperatures and high altitudes. Negative moods, including fatigue and anger, increased substantially during the training and lasted up to three months after the training ended. Mean mood scores were compared to population norms for three groups: college men, adult men, and male psychiatric outpatients. Let's examine anger scores for six men at the end of the training; these scores are fictional, but their mean and standard deviation are very close to the actual descriptive statistics for the sample: 14, 12, 13, 12, 14, 15.

a) SPSS: The population mean anger score for college men is 8.90. Conduct all six steps of a single-sample t-test. Be sure to label all six steps. Report the statistics as you would in a journal article.

b) SPSS : Now calculate the test statistic to compare this sample mean to the population mean anger score for adult men (M = 9.20). You do not have to repeat all the steps form part a, but conduct step 6 of hypothesis testing and report the statistics as you would in a journal article.

9.10bc (DO ONLY B in SPSS)

You were given an opportunity to take the Stroop task in which color words are printed in the wrong color; for example, the word red might be printed in the color blue. The conflict that arises when we try to read the words, but are distracted by the colors, increases our reaction time and decreases our accuracy. Several researchers have suggested that the Streoop effect can be decrease by hypnosis. Raz used brain imagining techniques (fMRI) to demonstrate that posthypnotic suggestion led highly hypnotizable individuals to see Stroop words as nonsense words. Imagine that you are working with Raz and your assignment is to determine if reaction times decrease (remember, a decrease is a good thing, it indicates that participants are faster) when highly hypnotizable individuals receive a posthypnotic suggestion to view the words as nonsensical. You conduct the experiment on six individuals, once in each condition, and receive the following data the first number is reaction time in seconds without the posthypnotic suggestion, and the second number is reaction with the posthypnotic suggestion:

Participant 1: (12.6, 8.5)
Participant 2: (13.8, 9.6)
Participant 3: (11.6, 10.0)
Participant 4: (12.2, 9.2)
Participant 5: (12.1, 8.9)
Participant 6: (13.0, 10.8)

b) SPSS: Conduct all six steps of a paired-samples T test. Be sure to label all six steps.

c) Report the statistics as you would in a journal article.

9.16abc
For each of the following three scenarios, state which hypothesis test you would use from among the four introduced so far: the z test, the single-sample t test, the paired-samples t test, and the independent-samples t-test. (Note: In the actual studies described, the researchers did not always use one of these tests, often because the actual experiment had additional variables). Explain your answer.

a) A study of children who had survived a brain tumor revealed that they were more likely to have behavioral and emotional difficulties than were children who had not experienced such a trauma. Forty families participated in the study. Parents rated children's difficulties, and the ratings data were compared with known means from published population norms.

b) Talarico and Rubin (2003) recorded the memories of 54 students just after 9/11/01 - some memories related to the terrorist attacks on that day (called flashbulb memories for their vividness and emotional content) and some everyday memories. they found that flashbulb memories were no more consistent over time than everyday memories, even though they were perceived to be more accurate.

c) The HOPE VI Panel study was initiated to test a US program aimed at improving troubled public housing developments. Residents of five HOPE VI developments were studied at the beginning of the study so researchers could later ascertain whether their quality of life had improved. Means at the beginning of the study were compared to known national data sources (eg, the US census, American housing survey) that had summary statistics, including means and standard deviations.

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